Yak milk is considered an excellent dairy source for infant formula, owing to its lipid advantages including superior fatty acid composition, abundant short- and medium-chain fatty acids, and higher phospholipid content. This study compared the physical characteristics, lipidomic profiles, and fatty acid differences between human milk and yak milk digestion products through an in vitro simulation of infant digestion. The results revealed that human milk exhibited higher lipolysis rates and greater release of free fatty acids compared with yak milk.

E-commerce food distribution has grown drastically in recent years, a trend that was accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The range of perishable products purchased through e-commerce as well as the distance over which these products travel to consumers has also increased considerably. Perishable goods are commonly available through various e-commerce channels (e.g., third-party grocery shopping and delivery, direct processor-to-consumer delivery, and overnight shipment via centralized distribution centers).

School cafeteria share tables can address food waste and improve food security by allowing students to share unopened items, such as milk. However, unresolved safety concerns present a barrier to recovering milk cartons on share tables. We adapted our previous share table model to study Listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk, assuming a concentration distribution that reflects the realistically low prevalence of the pathogen. Student sharing behavior was simulated for 50 years of school weeks (5 d/wk over 37 wk/yr).

Movement of live cattle is a known risk for pathogen spread. Understanding movement patterns, particularly at high-risk commingling facilities, is essential for targeted pathogen surveillance and disease mitigation strategies. This repeated cross-sectional study investigated calf movement patterns and detection of Salmonella spp. (including Salmonella Dublin) within a Midwestern livestock dealer facility, a critical yet underexplored component of the US cattle supply chain. From May to October 2023, records of 1,184 calf movements were analyzed alongside identification of Salmonella spp.

This study explored the regulatory effects of sweet potato pericarp polyphenols on protein oxidation in commercially available fresh milk. Fresh milk samples from brands such as Yili, Mengniu, and Bright Dairy were collected and supplemented with sweet potato pericarp polyphenols. The samples were then stored at 4°C, and analyses were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant indices, protein oxidation products, microbial count, and texture parameters. The free radical scavenging capacities measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt assays, as well as the decline in the total antioxidant capacity, were significantly lower in the treatment group compared with the control group.

Cows have been shown to develop different severities of SARA when fed the same diet. In the present study, we used 24 Holstein dairy cows to investigate the association between SARA severity and the ruminal microbiome as well as the metabolomes of the rumen, blood, and milk from 21 d before parturition until 70 DIM. The dietary concentrate was increased from 32% to 60% (DM basis) during the first week of lactation. Based on the severity of SARA, 3 groups were compared: high, moderate, and low severity.

Milk production depends on glucose supply to the mammary gland, which in ruminants is driven by the liver for gluconeogenesis (GNG). Dairy cattle rely on endogenous glucose production (EGP) via GNG for 90% of glucose needs, and the capacity for EGP depends on substrate supply, activity of GNG enzymes, and rate of flux of substrates into and through metabolic pathways like the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Propionate serves as the primary EGP precursor, but also directly affects the activity of the rate-limiting GNG enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK).

Consumers are increasingly concerned with their environmental impacts, especially GHG emissions from food production. The main goal of this study was to scope the current and future mitigation practices that can be implemented for pasture-based dairy production, how their effect on emissions could differ by region and farm system and affect long- and short-lived gases differently. To do this, we estimated the total GHG emissions and carbon footprint of milk from New Zealand-average (total of 352 farms) and regional (Canterbury and Waikato) dairy farm systems that rely on grazed pastures for the year 2020 and a projection for 2040 using a cradle to farm-gate life cycle assessment approach.

Dairy cows going through the transition period experience a state of negative energy balance, driven by a mismatch between rising energy needs and reduced feed intake. Although fat breakdown (i.e., lipolysis) is a necessary adaptation to meet rising energy demands, excessive and prolonged lipolysis can increase disease risk. One strategy to mitigate this gap in energy is by increasing the energy density of the diet through fatty acid (FA) supplementation. Among available FA, oleic acid (OA) has gained attention not only as an energy source, but also for its broader biological effects.

Due to their large contribution to anthropogenic GHG emissions, mitigating methane (CH4) emissions originating from enteric fermentation of fiber in ruminants such as cattle, has become a current focus in animal breeding. This is because exploiting genetics by integrating CH4 emissions in the breeding goal is a promising tool as it enables continuous and long-term improvement. However, a sustainable design of the selection index requires a thorough understanding of the new traits' genetic architecture and relationship with already existing breeding goal traits.

Milk is frequently added to coffee to enhance its flavor; however, its effect on antioxidant compounds and related metabolite profiles remains poorly characterized. In this study, the functional properties and free metabolites of the milk-infused coffee were analyzed under thermal conditions. Results indicated that milk addition facilitated the formation of polyphenol-protein complexes, increasing the antioxidant properties. For instance, when milk was added to achieve a protein concentration of 90 mg/mL, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity of the coffee-milk system increased from 33.55% to 49.37%.

Dairy cow housing and management can be broadly described as either intensive house confinement (CONFINE) or extensive pasture-based (PAST) systems. The diets between systems typically differ in their forage base, with CONFINE farms often utilizing maize silage in a TMR. Consequently, the lipid composition of diets differs between systems. The influence of housing system on blood lipidomics is currently unknown, but due to the bioactive role of lipids in influencing overall health and productivity, differences in diet may have consequences for reproduction, health, and aging of cows.

Large language models (LLM) hold significant promise to transform dairy science by enhancing research interpretation, supporting decision making, and improving knowledge dissemination. However, without proper systematic design, LLM may generate irrelevant or factually inaccurate responses for domain-specific questions. Moreover, most existing LLM and related tools are not tailored to the needs of the dairy domain, limiting their practical application within the field. To demonstrate the feasibility and practical value of embracing LLM in dairy science, we developed a 2-component agentic system: (1) a decision-support chatbot grounded in the Journal of Dairy Science (JDS) for science-backed insights and (2) a natural language interface for interacting with academic models and visualizing prediction results.

Mastitis is a common disease in dairy cows and has various causes. Because of its enormous negative impact on cow health, welfare, and productivity, it results in huge economic losses and threatens sustainability of the dairy industry. In dairy cows with mastitis, excessive inflammation caused by LPS is an important factor leading to mammary tissue damage. It has been reported that there is a coupling effect between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ER-stress) and inflammatory response. When ER-stress occurs, misfolded and unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER lumen and lead to ER expansion, which can be degraded by the ER autophagy (ER-phagy) pathway to maintain cell homeostasis and ER morphology and activity.

Food contamination remains a serious global concern due to its health risks, with milk being one of the most commonly adulterated foods in developing countries such as Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. Accurate detection of milk contamination is essential for ensuring consumer safety and maintaining food industry standards. This study explores both invasive and noninvasive approaches for contamination analysis. The invasive method uses the Lactoscan system to assess parameters such as fat, conductivity, protein, density, solids, lactose, temperature, pH, and SNF across varying contamination levels.

Identifying causal genetic variants underlying economically important traits in dairy cattle is essential for understanding their genetic basis and optimizing breeding programs. The growing availability of sequenced reference genomes and individuals with both phenotypic and genotypic data notably enhances our ability to detect genetic associations and further pinpoint causal effects. This comprehensive GWAS of dairy cattle used deregressed breeding values as phenotypes and analyzed 11,292,243 quality-controlled, imputed sequence variants from 50,309 Holstein bulls.

The European Union makes a significant contribution to the global dairy industry, producing an estimated 160.8 million tons of milk in 2023, which accounts for more than 20% of the world's total milk production. However, the sector faces increasing pressure to align with sustainability goals amid economic constraints, environmental degradation, climate change, and evolving societal expectations. This systematic literature review examines the transition toward sustainable dairy systems across Europe by synthesizing peer-reviewed studies published over the past decade.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forage fiber and starch sources replacement with delactosed whey permeate (DLP) on lactation performance and total-tract nutrient digestibility of high-producing dairy cows. Ninety-six multiparous Holstein cows (88 ± 36 DIM) and dietary treatments were randomly assigned to 12 pens of 8 cows for an 8-wk treatment period, after a 2-wk covariate period. Treatments were diets fed without DLP (CON), 5% replacement of corn silage with DLP (LCS), and 5% replacement of high-moisture corn with DLP (LHMC).

Heat stress poses a major threat to dairy cattle productivity, particularly in high-producing Holstein cows. To identify robust biomarkers of thermotolerance, we employed an integrative strategy combining physiological phenotyping, blood metabolite profiling, and transcriptomic analysis. A total of 120 lactating Holstein cows were evaluated under natural summer heat conditions using rectal temperature, respiratory rate, salivation index, serum HSP70, cortisol, potassium levels, and milk production.

Several factors influence the effectiveness of forage in ruminant rations, including NDF content and the physical nature, fragility, digestibility, and more of the forage. Recently, several studies suggested using the undigestible NDF (uNDF) fraction as a possible approach to achieve a more precise ration. The objective of the current study was to reduce the forage content of the diet by using the in vitro forage uNDF for diet formulation and to determine the effects on production, rumen environment, and digestibility.